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Pius XII and the German Resistance
During the Second World War, Pope Pius XII maintained links to the German Resistance against Adolf Hitler's Nazi regime. Although remaining publicly neutral, Pius advised the British in 1940 of the readiness of certain German generals to overthrow Hitler if they could be assured of an honourable peace, offered assistance to the German resistance in the event of a coup and warned the Allies of the planned German invasion of the Low Countries in 1940.〔John Toland; ''Hitler''; Wordsworth Editions; 1997 Edn; p. 760〕〔William L. Shirer; ''The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich''; Secker & Warburg; London; 1960; pp. 648–49〕〔Joachim Fest; ''Plotting Hitler's Death: The German Resistance to Hitler, 1933–1945''; Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1996 p. 131〕 The Nazis considered that the Pope had engaged in acts equivalent to espionage.
==Background==
The Army was the only organisation in Germany with the capacity to overthrow the government, and from within it a small number of officers came to present the most serious threat posed to the Nazi regime.〔Anton Gill; ''An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler''; Heinemann; London; 1994; p.2〕 The Foreign Office and the Abwehr (Military Intelligence) of the ''Oberkommando der Wehrmacht'' (Supreme Command of the Armed Forces) also provided vital support to the movement.〔Anton Gill; ''An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler''; Heinemann; London; 1994; p.4〕 Hitler's 1938 purge of the military was accompanied by increased militancy in the Nazification of Germany, a sharp intensification of the persecution of Jews, and daring foreign policy exploits, bringing Germany to the brink of war; it was at this time that the German Resistance emerged.〔Theodore S. Hamerow; ''On the Road to the Wolf's Lair - German Resistance to Hitler''; Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; 1997; ISBN 0-674-63680-5; pp.217-219〕
Pius XII assumed the papacy in 1939. In the buildup to war he sought to act as a peace broker. As the Holy See had done during the pontificate of Benedict XV (1914–1922) during World War One, the Vatican, under Pius XII, pursued a policy of diplomatic neutrality through World War Two—Pius XII, like Benedict XV, described the position as "impartiality", rather than "neutrality."〔(Encyclopædia Britannica Online - ''Pius XII'' ) 2 May 2013〕 Pius XII's relations with the Axis and Allied forces may have been impartial, but early in the war he shared intelligence with the Allies about the German Resistance and the planned invasion of the Low Countries and lobbied Mussolini to stay neutral.〔(Encyclopædia Britannica Online - ''Pius XII'' ); web 2 May 2013〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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